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Biofuel and Brazil, 2008.
A report on Brazil's participation in the rising international demand for bio-fuel.
3,474 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the biofuel developments in Brazil and the many issues surrounding it. It also serves as an introduction to biofuel efficacy and creates a sense of the current epicenter of biofuel use and production. The paper discusses the history of biofuel use in Brazil, the effects it has had on culture and economy, the pros and cons of biofuel, the import and export market effects, cost differentiation, sugar versus corn ethanol, auto technology in Brazil, and provides a discussion of US and other international responses to Brazil's programs.
Outline:
Executive Summary
History of Biofuel in Brazil
How Brazil Import Export Market is Effected
History and Policy of bio-diesel in Brazil
Affects on Culture and Economy in Brazil
Change of Dependence from Fossil Fuel to Biofuel Degree of Success
Environmental Effects
Pros of Biofuel
Cons of Biofuels
Cost of Oil vs. Ethanol
Sugar Ethanol vs. Corn Ethanol
US Response
From the Paper
"The cost of oil versus ethanol is debated, as the whole picture is required for an understanding of the cost issue. With fossil fuel derived oil the earth has done the work of people with regard to creating a close to finished product. Though it is also important to note that depending on the feedstock used to create the fuel the cost can vary. Sugar ethanol is subsidized in Brazil, taxed at a lower rate and sold for half the price of traditional fuel, yet this does not completely reflect the cost in total of either. Cost must also be discussed with regards to vehicle changes, Brazil converted the car to met the fuel while most nations are doing the reverse, trying to build a car to run on a particular fuel, a more costly process. "
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The Green Revolution vs. GM Crops, 2008.
This paper examines the potential of the green revolution and genetically modified crops in combating worldwide starvation.
1,377 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper provides an overview of the green revolution and its selective breeding that produced crops that were better suited to changing climate conditions and production levels. The paper discusses how these crops could help curb starvation but looks at the limitations of current practices. The paper then discusses genetically modified crops and their benefits but explains why this development must proceed with even more caution than the green revolution.
Outline:
Early Methods
Helping to Curb Starvation
Limitations of Current Practices
Green Revolution Crops and GMOs
From the Paper
"As the world population grows, humans face new challenges regarding how to feed the population. This problem is not new and industrialized nations led the race to develop crops that were more productive, disease resistant and that have more uses. During the 1960s and 1970s producers began an intensive program to develop crops that met the changing requirements of society. This is referred to as the "green revolution." This revolution was responsible for increases in food production in industrialized nations, but there are limitations as to what can be accomplished through these programs."
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Chromium Studies, 2008.
A report on remediation chemistry at chromium contaminated sites.
1,510 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates some of the predominant methods of remediation of chromium contaminated sites. The paper notes that the methods employed are divided into two types: removal from the soil (in which various chemical extractants are used to flush chromium from the site) or immobilization in the soil (in which reducing agents are used to break down dangerous forms of chromium). The paper examines several of the more promising methods of remediation currently being employed, and concludes with a discussion and analysis of the methods in terms of their real-world applicability.
Outline:
Introduction
Remediation Methods
Discussion
From the Paper
" Chromium contamination, especially contamination of Cr(VI), is a significant environmental hazard. It will have a significant effect on the quality of the soil and the quality of the groundwater. Because of this, it is very important that effective and practical remediation techniques be developed that can chemically remove or immobilize the presence of chromium at the site. After briefly examining some of the methods currently being developed, which can be roughly divided into extractive versus immobilization techniques, there seems to be demonstrable promise in the possibility of cleaning up chromium-contaminated sites."
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Thomas Malthus and Modern Agriculture, 2008.
A look at Thomas Malthus' view of modern agriculture in light of his criticism of the Poor Law.
791 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the arguments presented by economist Robert Thomas Malthus in regard to the English Poor Law can be expanded to numerous areas, including agriculture. The paper discusses the features of modern agriculture and Malthus' potential beliefs. The paper then shows how, due to the unique features of our contemporary economy, the liberalized markets and fierce competition, most of Malthus' arguments no longer find a practical application.
From the Paper
"Thomas Malthus was a renowned economist of the seventeenth century England. His main areas of interest were demographics and the status of the population. One of his particular works was an essay that criticised the implementation of the Poor Law. This law was meant to relief poverty. It presupposed that a community's poor were identified and then aided by the wealthy population. The paupers were all brought together in workhouses, which were locations where the poor would live and work. The law was both welcome and criticised: the intention to aid the poor was noble, but on the other hand, it disadvantaged the working community and was perceived as an encouragement for poverty."
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Monterey Bay, 2008.
An outline of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, a federally protected marine area offshore of California's central coast, which supports one of the world's most diverse marine ecosystems.
4,702 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
This paper states that the Monterey Bay region has escaped the type of environmental damage experienced by much more densely populated areas in California, but the human ecology of the region shows that there has been damage done to the ecology and that this damage is ongoing. The paper comments that the problem is found both on land and in the sea and other waterways of the region. A number of areas are protected as parklands, though many of the problems cross borders because they are airborne or waterborne. The paper also discusses other issues involving changes to the types of plants and animals found in the region, with exotic flora and fauna introduced through human action. The paper concludes that efforts are being made by government and private institutions to address these problems and to restore the natural habitat as much as possible.
Outline:
Introduction
Native American Populations
Current State
Land Animals
Parks
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Today, the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) is a federally protected marine area offshore of California's central coast and extending from Marin to Cambria, encompassing a shoreline length of 276 miles and 5,322 square miles of ocean. This area supports one of the world's most diverse marine ecosystems, home to numerous mammals, seabirds, fishes, invertebrates, and plants. The MBNMS was established for the purpose of resource protection, research, education, and public use and is part of a system of 13 National Marine Sanctuaries administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration."
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Timeline of Moche Spouts Based on Larco Hoyle, 2008.
An examination of Larco Hoyle's methods for defining the periods of Moche culture and an analysis of the development of irrigation agriculture.
2,248 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the timeline of Moche spouts based on categories proposed by Rafael Larco Hoyle in 1948. The paper first describes Larco's division of the Moche period into five phases and explains each phase. The paper then discusses those who disagree with the credibility of Larco Hoyle's methods for defining the periods of Moche culture. Lastly , the paper focuses on the development of irrigation agriculture on the north coast between 2000 and 1500 B.C.
From the Paper
"This changed with the shift to irrigation in the Guaiiape phase, when aspiring leaders had better opportunities for the control and the accumulation of goods. Although the initial costs for building irrigation canals was higher than that of fishing and floodplain agriculture, once in production, irrigation systems dramatically increased yields. Therefore, with the organization and financing of irrigation construction systems, leaders perhaps could have extracted surpluses from canal users to fund additional political activity, such as monument construction, and to further enhance the socioeconomic status of their own households. Irrigation systems also provided more opportunities for leaders to control land and the flow of water. The political consequence was that in the Early Guaiiape phase political leaders not only could have controlled increased agricultural production, but also the distribution of land and water. With these newfound sources of economic power, they could finance the creation of centralized, hierarchical political organizations."
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Soil Amendments and Yellow Bean Production, 2008.
An examination of the effects of organic amendments on growth of phaseolus vulgaris.
2,111 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effects of four soil amendments on the growth and yield of phaseolus vulgaris (yellow beans). The paper specifically analyzes the effects of manure, sugar, leached leaf litter and straw mulch on the growth of yellow beans. The paper discusses the method of the study and then looks at the results that were obtained. The paper contains graphs and tables.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The results of this study indicate that only hypothesis one holds true. The application of manure to soil produced a slight improvement over the other amendments. Sugar seemed to decrease plant production and yield. In order to come to a conclusion, in this case, one must consider these findings in relation to the body of evidence that is available. Field and lab results varied regarding the results of various applications of compost amendments. Manure stood out in many trials as a superior soil amendment. However, it must be cautioned that rainfall and local conditions can significantly affect the results obtained."
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A Program to Relieve Food Insecurity, 2008.
An analysis of the theory of a proposed program to reduce food insecurity and relieve hunger.
2,156 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the very prominent problem of hunger that exists particularly in the third world, today. The paper proposes a solution to the problem of hunger that relates to decentralizing and localizing the production of food as much as possible. The paper then discusses the theory and logistics of the proposed program and looks at its potential benefits.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
The Problem
Demographics
Proposal
Analysis
Eligibility
Service Delivery
Theory and Specification
Projected Costs and Funding
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As mentioned, $7300 to feed one person for a year may appear rather expensive. However, the potential benefits of the program should not be overlooked when comparing it with existing initiatives (none of which are sustainable). The figure represents an initial investment. This means an investment that will not have to be repeated year by year, like those for other food programs. After the first year, the operation should become self-sustaining, and no further investment should be required. Indeed, an added potential advantage is that there may be an excess of production, resulting in a further revenue stream. Whereas programs such as the food stamp initiative often entail the hidden costs of transport and delivery, this problem is eliminated by the proposed program."
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The Hopi, 2008.
Examines the agriculture of the Hopi.
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, as a collective endeavor, agriculture required that the Hopi work together under the guidance of ancestral wisdom. The author describes that the cultivation of corn and other crops was no small feat in the desert especially during summer months when rainfall was scarce. The paper concludes that, with life so intimately connected with land, the sacred aspects of agriculture permeated the everyday Hopi life.
From the Paper
"Rains and moisture are integral to the survival of the corn and of the clan. Thus, Hopi venerated clouds as ancestral spirits and created kachinas (O'mau kachinato) honor them. Cloud figures pepper Hopi iconography and the Hopi distinguished between different types of clouds to distinguish those that deliver the blessing of rain from those that simply flank the sky. Cloud kachinas essentially "wear" the clouds on their headdress, and cloud imagery also decorates their sash and garment."
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