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Maslow and Mathematics, 2008.
An application of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory to mathematics education.
1,457 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper explains Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which holds that individuals must be offered an opportunity to experience learning in a unique way, to fulfill their need of self-actualization. The paper then goes on to discuss how to achieve this goal of creativity in the mathematics classroom.
From the Paper
"Abraham Maslow is most well known for what has become known by most as, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow theorized that people must achieve certain needs before being able to fully experience needs of a higher order. So, in other words those who are barred from higher thought by an inability to achieve shelter and obtain enough food to eat, or basic perceived security are likely to become stunted in their ability to perform abstract thought processes and achieve more abstract personal goals. At the pinnacle of this hierarchy Maslow placed self-actualization, an ability to place one's self in an abstract position and understand lofty concepts such as justice, equality and truth. (Roeckelein, 1998, p. 318) In the context of education it is fair to say that the development of Maslow's hierarchy as well as many other contributing concepts and the real lag that is seen by those who for many reasons lack the abilty to achieve basic needs, have done much to explain why some people develop and learn, accessing higher order thoughts and concepts and others do not."
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Isaac Newton, 2008.
A discussion of Sir Isaac Newton's inventions and discoveries.
1,589 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Sir Isaac Newton was one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists of all times with achievements in other domains such as alchemy, chemistry and even religion or philosophy. The paper looks at Newton's work "Optiks," a study which best emphasizes his work on light and color, and his work "The Principia" that explains Newton's three laws and his definition of gravity.
From the Paper
"Sir Isaac Newton is one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists of all times; usually presented by the historical documents of science as the academician who discovered the Law of Gravity, Newton also had great achievements in domains such as optics, mathematics, mechanics, alchemy, chemistry and even religion or philosophy. He was born in 1642 at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire, where he started his education. In 1661 he became a student of the Cambridge University and in 1667 a Fellow of the Trinity College, when he discovered his passion for mathematics. He later on became a professor of the university, this period of his life being mainly dedicated to studying mathematics, physics and alchemy. Moreover, he made his first public scientific achievement, the invention, design and construction of a reflecting telescope and he also wrote "Principia", a study of mathematical principles applied on natural philosophy, which was only published in 1687 ."
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Literacy Components in the Math Curriculum, 2008.
An examination of five lessons plans for a mathematics class, in terms of ability to integrate math and literacy skills.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between literacy and mathematics and how children who struggle with literacy generally struggle with maths too. It describes and examines five lessons plans for a mathematics class, in terms of ability to integrate math and literacy skills. The paper contains the original sources for the five lesson plans.
Table of Contents:
Lesson Plan #1: Teach Your Friends Polynomials
Aim of the Lesson
Literacy Elements Incorporated
How, When Why, Where and for Whom they were Used
Compare Quality from Beginning to End
Lesson Plan #2: Graphing Population Studies
Aim of the Lesson
Literacy Elements Incorporated
How, When Why, Where and for Whom they were Used
Compare Quality from Beginning to End
Lesson Plan #3: Adding Fun Game
Aim of the Lesson
Literacy Elements Incorporated
How, When Why, Where and for Whom they were Used
Compare Quality from Beginning to End
Lesson Plan #4: Word Problems and Technology
Aim of the Lesson
Literacy Elements Incorporated
How, When Why, Where and for Whom they were Used
Compare Quality from Beginning to End
Lesson Plan #5: Sorting Through Life
Aim of the Lesson
Literacy Elements Incorporated
How, When Why, Where and for Whom they were Used
Compare Quality from Beginning to End
From the Paper
"The students must have the necessary skills to search for and read information found on the Internet to be included in their presentation. The students must be able to organize text and present it in a concise, coherent fashion. The students must have sufficient keyboarding and software skills to be able to make the final presentation."
"Teaching others is a great way to master skills. This lesson allows students to become the teacher. They must master the skills in order to be able to teach them. The students create a tutorial for their classmates, which forces them to research and learn the material thoroughly before preparing the presentation."
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The Pythagorean Theorem, 2008.
An overview of the mathematical theory known as the Pythagorean theorem.
795 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a brief biography of Pythagoras and a discussion on the mathematical theorem that is associated with him. The paper explains the Pythagorean theorem's relationship to the area of a circle.
Outline:
Abstract
Biography of Pythagoras
History of the Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem's Relation to the Area of Circles
From the Paper
"Pythagoras was a Greek sage of the 6th century B.C.. He was born on the Greek island of Samos, off the coast of Asia Minor. Pythagoras was introduced to mathematics by Thales of Miletus and his pupil Anaximander, according Iamblichus, the Syrian historian. He traveled to Egypt, around 535 B.C., to continue his studies, but was captured by Cambyses II of Persia, in 535 B.C., and was taken to Babylon ("Pythagorean", 2007). Eventually, Pythagoras emigrated to the Greek colonial city-state of Croton, in Southern Italy (Mourelatos, 2007; "Pythagoras", 2007)."
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Galileo and Conflicts with the Church, 2008.
An examination of Galileo's work in the realm of astronomy, physics and mathematics and how the Catholic Church reacted to his views.
1,486 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life and discoveries of Galileo. It specifically discusses the conflict of Galileo's discoveries with the Catholic Church. It looks at his work in the sciences of astronomy, physics and mathematics and his adoption of the Copernican astronomical theory. The paper also looks at the Catholic Church's reactions to his views.
From the Paper
"In the end, Galileo forever changed the the sciences of astronomy, physics and mathematics. Despite the attempts by the Church to silence his revolutionary work, Galileo continued. His work, was evaluated and validated by observers across Europe, in England, German and France. And, it would be Galileo's work that would encourage experimentation in physics, to test mathematical and physical laws. Sadly, it wouldn't be until more than 300 years later that the Church would recant their views, with Cardinal Paul Poupard, the head of an investigation by the church into Galileo's theory, statement in 1992 that said, "We today know that Galileo was right in adopting the Copernican astronomical theory" (qtd. Brauchli )."
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Cooperative Learning Techniques, 2008.
A review of the application of cooperative learning techniques in math education.
2,534 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
The paper states that cooperative learning is an effective way to develop the ability to communicate with others. The paper notes that teaching is said to be the epitome of efficient and effective communication, and since mathematics is also considered as an area that requires communication between teacher and student, it would seem that teachers of mathematics would embrace such teaching methods in order to teach more effectively. This paper discusses the reasons behind these ideas and discusses how cooperative learning, and other pedagogical techniques can be employed in educational mathematics environments in order to facilitate learning. The paper notes that cooperative learning encompasses many areas of pedagogy with discussions and small group activities being paramount in usage.
From the Paper
"Implementing techniques in the mathematics classroom can be relatively simple in nature. One study suggests that cooperative learning is best enhanced when, "students are assigned to work in teams of four. Introductory in-class, team-building activities in which teams discuss rules and expectations can foster a positive learning experience" (Doyle, Beatty, Shaw, 1999, p. 73). Fostering a positive learning environment in a mathematics classroom (that is likely perceived as not the most exciting of courses) is likely a key factor in learning in that classroom. In many regards mathematics as it is taught today may not have that positive learning environment. By allowing the students to interact, working together in small groups to discover answers and the step by step process of doing so could be very positive in nature, and would surely add to the positive classroom environment being sought. "
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Teaching Elementary Mathematics, 2008.
Presents an extensive discussion on the teaching of elementary grade mathematics including a plan for teaching fifth graders the concepts of elementary geometric measurements.
4,740 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because of increased demands for teacher and student accountability, identifying better ways of delivering educational methods for teaching young learners about mathematics concepts is important. The author reviews extensively the Texas Education Agency report on the teaching of mathematics to the state's 5th grade students. The paper uses the materials from this Texas report to develop a guide for teaching the concepts of area, perimeter and volume. The instructional strategy is based on a popular taxonomy used in educational design, Gagne's nine events of instruction. The author concludes that significant learning will take place among the fifth grade pupils according to the constructivist learning theory.
Table of Contents:
Problem Statement and Needs Analysis
Background of the Problem
Definition of the Problem
Needs Analysis
Rationale for the Need for Instruction
Available Resources
Goal Statement
Learner Analysis
Demographic Information
Relevant Group Characteristics
Prior Knowledge of Topic
Entry Level Knowledge and Skills
Attitudes and/or Motivation toward the Subject
Task Analysis
Area
Area: Questions for Reflection
Perimeter
Volume
Performance Objectives
Instructional Strategies and Supporting Learning Theories
Learning Theory Discussion
From the Paper
"Absent hands-on exercises, though, many young learners will not have an opportunity to construct an understanding of the process of measurement or a concept of measurement unit which can frequently result in mechanical and inappropriate applications of measurement knowledge and tools. For instance, Baroody and Coslick point out that many elementary-level children tend to confuse area with perimeter and vice versa; some common types of errors that are made by these young learners when using a ruler."
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Measures of Central Tendency, 2008.
Discusses measures of central tendency and their respective applications.
1,475 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper first explains that measures of central tendency are those descriptive statistics that describe the point or points about which a distribution centers. The paper then provides a description of the three measures which are used to describe central tendency and identify the advantages and disadvantages of each, as well as describing a situation in which each of these measures might be used. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
Table of Contents:
Review and Discussion
Introduction
Mean
Median
Mode
Summary and Recapitulation
Table:Summary of the Three Measures of Central Tendency
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This measure of central tendency is sometimes referred to as the arithmetic mean or "average". According to Cai, Lo and Watanabe (2002), seven properties of the arithmetic average are as follows: (a) the average is located between the extreme values; (b) the sum of the deviations from the average is zero; (c) the average is influenced by values other than the average; (d) the average does not necessarily equal one of the values that was summed; (e) the average can be a fraction that has no counterpart in physical reality; (f) a value of zero."
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Science and Math, 2008.
This paper discusses the teaching of math and science and looks at both traditional and more innovative ways of teaching.
943 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses how the reform movements impacted the teaching of math and science. In addition, the writer looks at the differences between traditional teaching and current practices in mathematics and science. The writer notes that the absence of a national curriculum means that how children learn varies greatly, yet the increased demand for accountability through frequent national standardized assessment limits curricular innovation on the part of teachers, as more conceptual learning may be more time-consuming and take longer to show immediate results. Additionally, the writer points out that current educators may not be familiar in the ways to teach such subjects. The writer concludes that when contemplating educational reform in math and science, America seems to be caught in a paradox--America demands quick, demonstrable improvement but is unwilling to relinquish local control, current testing standards, or different ways to fund and teach scientific and mathematical concepts.
From the Paper
"Ever since Horace Mann began his innovative educational reforms in the public schools programs of the 19th century, American education has tended to stress practical skills in its curricular approach and local control of schools. These two impulses have often existed in tension, as Americans have strived to remain competitive in math and science education and wish to see gains in the performance on standardized tests by its nation's youth. However, there is often great resistance to changes in the ways that such subjects are taught and standards are set by government agencies.
"Math and science education is seen as vital for the nation, economically, and also in terms of its national security. The resolve to put a man on the moon was accompanied by a new emphasis in technical education. "
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