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Japanese Correctional System, 2008.
A look at the Japanese restorative philosophy of corrections versus the American correctional system.
1,324 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Japanese correctional system places a strong emphasis on rehabilitation and preparing the prisoner for being released once again into society. The paper outlines the procedure called Jidan and shows how the punishment of the offender is not stressed, rather forgiveness is stressed on the part of victim and Japanese society in general. The paper then looks at criticisms of the Japanese system and asserts that rather than calling the system 'better' or more 'humane,' a more accurate characterization might be that it allows for less individualized responses to crime, and is less interested in protecting the rights and interests of the accused or the victim.
From the Paper
"The Japanese correctional system places a strong emphasis on rehabilitation and preparing the prisoner for being released once again into society. The Japanese correctional system "is intended to resocialize, reform, and rehabilitate offenders" rather than enforce a system of retributive justice along the lines of the American model (Coutsoukis, 2004). This is why most sociologists state that the restorative philosophy of corrections is the predominant approach practiced in Japan, that is, the main aim of the system is to restore the pre-existing social order rather than enact retribution against a particular individual, or even to protect victim's rights, or to punish an offender in a fair manner (Hosoi & Nishimura 1999: 4)."
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Edward Koch on Death and Justice, 2008.
A review of Edward Koch's essay, "Death and Justice: How Capital Punishment Affirms Life."
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the essay "Death and Justice: How Capital Punishment Affirms Life," by Edward Koch, former congressman and mayor of New York City. As a supporter of capital punishment for criminals who committed murder, his views have been the subject of much controversy, and the author shows how Koch took the arguments that arose against him and used them in his essay to confirm his own stance. The author explains how Koch uses shock tactics, fear and statistics to support his views and effectively dissect his voters' oppositions towards capital punishment. The author concludes that for Koch capital punishment affirms the fact that life is precious by bringing justice to the people who do not value the life of another.
From the Paper
"Very respectively, Koch dissects the "Thou Shall Not Kill" argument against capital punishment. He compares quotes from both the original Hebrew of the Bible and from the Torah. By showing how the philosophers throughout history have interpreted this to mean that life can be taken in order to vindicate justice, Koch is invoking a sense of thoughtfulness in his reader. He then pulls in the fearless leaders from our country to add to that thoughtfulness a pinch of patriotism. He then rounds off that patriotism by stating that the United States Constitution does not condemn capital punishment."
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Hate Crimes, 2008.
A discussion on the challenges of hate crime legislation.
2,334 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses hate crimes and hate crime legislation and rulings. The paper provides examples of hate crime throughout history, citing the Holocaust. The paper also discusses the severity of hate crimes, considering them more heinous because they are often in response to human conditions for which the barer has no choice or control of. In addition, the paper examines hate crime legislation and its effectiveness. Lastly, the paper discusses the challenges of hate crime legislation, made even more difficult by the constitutional rights to freedom of speech.
Outline:
Historical Origins of Hate Crimes
Hate Speech, Hate Crimes and the Constitution
Pros and Cons of Hate Crime Legislation
References
From the Paper
"The symbolism of hatred, including the brandishing of swastikas and the burning of crosses as a testament to the belief in the supremacy of one race over another also fall into acts that are protected by constitutional rights. Individuals in the past have not been prosecuted for such demonstrations unless they have somehow broken another law, such as trespassing in the case of cross burning. The difficulty being that the dogma espoused precipitates other unprotected acts of violence against blacks and other undesirable peoples, including Jews. The dogmatic speech associated with white supremacy, is protected by the constitution, and many people become ensconced by the ideas to perpetrate further violence and publicly demonstrate their opinions about superiority and more specifically the inferiority of others."
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Drawing the Line:Security Vs. Civil Rights, 2008.
A paper discussing the dangers that increased security and police activity pose for human rights.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The author discusses the problems arising from the need for increased security and police activity in the light of rising crime rates and terrorism. However, according to the author, increased surveillance and police activity results in infringements of hard won human rights and civil liberties. The author of the paper contends that the parameters of the security apparatus must be carefully set, the boundaries between freedom and safety delineated in ways that do not blur the lines between public and civil rights. The writer also addresses the tendency for law enforcement agencies to judge segments of the population on the basis of race or religious background and how this also creates a situation where infringement of basic civil rights and liberties is possible. The author makes a personal statement at the end of the paper when he writes: "A society that loses its liberty is a police state. Modern day America is moving closer each day to that terrible point. "
From the Paper
"Such attitudes encourage police, and other security personnel, to look on African-Americans with suspicion, again, particularly if they are young and male. Within the emerging security state, this equal to a greater probability that young Black men will be stopped and searched - even without good cause. Young African-American males, and other members of similarly suspect groups, will be probed into more closely, their records checked or seized. More and more, both private businesses and government agencies are requesting criminal background checks and credit reports on persons whose only crime is that they fit "the profile." Intelligence agencies capture e-mails and telephone calls in an ever-widening search for suspicious catchwords and phrases. The recent story of the fight over immunity for telecommunications companies that provided FBI agents with free access to private communications is but a case in point."
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Reducing Juvenile Crime, 2008.
A look at three stages of community-based involvement strategies to reduce juvenile crime.
862 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how to reduce juvenile crime through community-based involvement strategies. The paper begins by discussing the first stage of prevention and the need for after-school programs uniquely tailored to the demographic needs of the community. The paper then explains the second stage of reducing recidivism through family involvement and therapy-based programs and the third stage of treating juveniles already incarcerated. The paper emphasizes that the system must treat offenders as individuals and provide incentives for youths to choose a path other than the easy, short-term rewards of a life of crime.
Outline:
Step 1: Prevention
Step 2: Reducing Recidivism
Step 3: Treatment for Juveniles Already in 'the System'
From the Paper
"As with so many things in life, when it comes to preventing juvenile crime, an 'ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.' In other words, the ideal method of containing juvenile crime is to make a life of crime less attractive to potential young offenders. This is important not simply to reduce rates of criminality amongst the most vulnerable population of our society, but also to reduce crime later on, as youthful criminals are likely to become more hardened, career criminals after they age out of the juvenile justice system. Most chronic juvenile offenders are under the age of 15 when they commit their first offense (Sprague 2003:5)."
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Fingerprints vs. DNA, 2008.
Compares finger print identification to DNA analysis as the better forensic tool.
2,500 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, when the finger prints are obtained and can be fitted into the part of the narration and other circumstantial evidence, the role of DNA mapping becomes secondary. The paper points out that the science of fingerprinting and analysis has evolved to almost a perfect method; whereas, the science of DNA analytics as applied to forensics is still evolving. The paper also relates that DNA evidence is accepted in courts; however, the general view of the courts is to rely on other evidence wherever available even to the extent of ignoring the DNA evidence.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Issues in Forensic Science
Finger Prints and DNA: A Comparison
The Problems and Future of DNA Testing
Legal views of DNA
Conclusion
From the Paper
"We have to understand that the DNA study is recent and fingerprint analysis is centuries old. The legal system adopted fingerprinting and thereby subjected all citizens to it two centuries ago. In 1985 the DNA or genetic fingerprinting was used. The system was developed by Prof. Alec Jeffrys and subsequent to its recognition the courts have recognized it as direct evidence. Fingerprinting was made official with the penal servitude act far back in 1891 which provided for the fingerprinting of convicts and by the direction of a magistrate for those in remand."
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Evolutionary Psychology of Rape, 2008.
An examination of the theory that rape is an evolutionary reproductive strategy, and is a natural, biological phenomenon.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper examine the theory propounded by Randy Thornhill and Craig Palmer that rape has evolved as a reproductive strategy, and is a natural, biological phenomenon. The writer of the paper examines in detail Thornhill and Palmer 's theory and their arguments supporting their case. He then examines the theory in the light of existing research and presents the reader with both assenting and opposing arguments as presented by researchers including Jerry Coyne and Leda Cosmides and John Tooby.
From the Paper
"The aspect of Coyne's argument that appeared the weakest was his due focus on child molestation and homosexual rape. For a man, the act of having sex with a child or with another man is, by definition, maladaptive sexual behavior, because it is impossible for such sex to result in the transmission of genes. Therefore, to use the fact that both children and males are highly represented among rape victims to disprove the concept that rape behavior is the result of evolution is irresponsible science. Consensual homosexual sex is maladaptive sexual behavior, and the gene for homosexuality, if there is one, is not represented in a significant portion of the population. However, the rape gene, if there is one, would have to be highly represented in society, since the percentage of men who have forced sexual contact on a partner is much higher than the percentage of men who have engaged in consensual homosexual contact. Therefore, it is clear that these genes are not the same genes; as a result, one could be homosexual and still carry a gene that combines violence with sexuality. However, one's homosexual orientation would naturally translate that impulse to homosexuals. The same argument could be made for child molestation. Coyne's failure to acknowledge that possibility is his greatest weakness."
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Privacy Law, 2008.
Analyzes the issue of privacy, even for sex offenders, as decided in the case of "Connecticut Dept. of Public Safety v. Doe".
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the question arose in the 2003 U.S. Supreme Court case "Connecticut Dept. of Public Safety v. Doe", was how should the law, even in the case of sexual offenses to children, balance the issue of public safety and protection with the rights of the individual who committed the crime. The author describes Connecticut's "Megan's Law", which requires convicted sex offenses to register and have their names posted upon their release into the community, and the process of the legal challenge to this law. The paper concludes that the U.S. Supreme Court made a relatively technical ruling in the Connecticut case based upon the defendant's invocation of the Due Process Clause; however, the question of the individual's right to privacy and the need of the state to provide public safety still remains.
From the Paper
"The U.S. Supreme Court, in 2003 lead by Chief Justice Rehnquist, disagreed with the Second Circuit Court. It decided that the Connecticut Second Circuit's judgment should be reversed because the court required that the defendant have a hearing to be subject to the public list, which the Supreme Court did not feel to be necessary. The court unanimously decided that due process does not require a convicted defendant have an opportunity to prove a fact and an injury to an individual's reputation in a hearing."
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The Secret Harboring of Fugitives, 2008.
This paper discusses the secret harboring of fugitives and knowledge while comparing Susan Glaspell's work "A Jury of Her Peers" and Joseph Conrad's "The Secret Sharer".
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that both Joseph Conrad's "The Secret Sharer" and Susan Glaspell's "A Jury of Her Peers," depict law-abiding individuals who gradually come to identify with people who have violated the law. The writer looks at both works in order to examine this issue. The writer maintains that as a result of their identification with these individuals who have allegedly transgressed, the married women of Glaspell's tale and Conrad's nameless sea captain gain a new sense of identity. The writer concludes that the changes undergone by the characters in both works are both external and internal, and both are life-long changes, although the changes that take place in the Glaspell story may have greater external consequences.
From the Paper
"Like "A Jury of Her Peers," Joseph Conrad's short story "The Secret Sharer" is also told in retrospect. The narrator is a sea captain who finds a man named Leggatt, drowning in the water, who seems to be his 'double,' much like the women of Glaspell's story perceive Mrs. Wright to be their double, or a physical mirror of their personal pain. Leggatt is also condemned as a murderer like Mrs. Wright, but rather than reject the fugitive, Conrad's narrator gives him a place to stay. The image of the law arises, but like the woman, the captain has already experienced a kind of internal, moral shift. Like the woman the captain cannot bear to morally condemn the murderer, or reveal the fact that Leggatt is on his ship when the authorities arrive. Captain Archbold wants to act according to the law, like the men of the Glaspell tale, but Leggatt's protective captain pretends the ship is empty and points out that Leggatt's actions helped save the ship during a storm."
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