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Building a New Jerusalem, 2008.
A discussion of the intolerant attitudes of many Puritans towards Native Americans who did not share their religious views.
1,633 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the conflict between the Puritans and Native Americans regarding religious tolerance. It describes the history of the first settlers to the Americas in New England and their attitudes towards individuals who did not adhere to their doctrines. It also describes the attitudes of various leaders of the time and how the attitudes either changed or remained the same with the creation of the United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: The New Jerusalem
First Dealings, First Peace
Nathanial Ward: "Against Toleration"
John Wesley: A Cry Against Unchristian Bloodshed
From the Paper
"Thus, although the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights may proclaim religious separation from all churches, America was actually founded by individuals seeking to create what today we would call a theocracy. Despite early amicable relations with the natives, eventually conflicts over territory caused the two populations to be hostile. The violence that ensued was justified by the religious rhetoric and beliefs of the Puritans, as they strove to create a New Jerusalem in a land that was inhabited by people whose civilization and faith they saw as inferior to their own, primitive at best, and savage at worst."
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Removal of the Cherokee Nation, 2008.
A detailed overview of the forced removal of the Cherokees from their tribal lands to Oklahoma in the 1830s.
2,329 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the transportation by force of the Cherokee nation from their native lands to Oklahoma that was mandated by the U.S. government in 1838. While it was Jackson's successor, Martin Van Buren, who would order the forced march that became known as the "Trail of Tears", the policies that led to the forced removal had begun in 1830 under Jackson with the Indian Removal Act. The writer describes the horrors of the march and its devastating effects on the Cherokees as well as the other Indians who were driven out with them. The writer discusses the historical and political background behind the relocation, and the reasons for Jackson's deep-seated hatred and resentment of the Cherokees. The writer also describes the attempts by the Cherokees to negotiate with the U.S. government prior to the march and other circumstances leading up to the march, and concludes with a brief note on what happened to them after their arrival in Oklahoma.
From the Paper
"The Cherokee nation had, at one time, spanned the territories now known as the Carolinas to Florida and West to Mississippi. Over the course of several millennia, the Cherokee had banded together five tribes, each with its place in a relatively democratic political structure, where respect for the rule of law was absolute, and their culture significantly advanced. Education was paramount, they maintained a very solid and reliable economy, and they maintained the belief that they could successfully co-exist with the Americans. This, of course, would prove to be exceptionally naive when it came to Jackson. Where he had failed in his youth, he was certainly able to get back at the Cherokee decades later."
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Native American Expressive Culture, 2008.
This paper examines Native North-American culture, past and present, and its attempts to halt assimilation and retain native cultural traditions.
3,780 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the attempts of Native-American Tribes to retain their cultural heritage despite many years of repression and attempts by the colonial majority to force its culture on them. The paper looks at the major means whereby Native Americans are trying to preserve and even spread their culture amongst the various groupings and tribes living today in the United State of America. The author then goes on to examine the historical background to the American Indian's cultural repression. He examines, in some depth, the rebirth of Native-American literature and oral history and its impact on the Native-American population and attempts to evaluate its success.
From the Paper
"Individual Indians seek to define who they are through culture in varied ways, and are frequently challenged by distance. The revival of culture is centered around reservation life. Reservations schools attempt to transmit the traditions of the past, along with language through native reservation schools that teach language through a bilingual system or through submersion programs and yet many Native Americans live far from home and family, as a result of the pressures of modernization and the fact that economic and higher education opportunities are limited on many reservations. To many Indians it is a challenge to meet the goals of a highly connected social network of family and nation as distance creates change that challenges their ability to meld their historical culture with the white culture they frequently live within. Yet, it is also clear that individual definitions of self are strongly associated with family and cultural connections and traditions. It is for this reason that Native American creativity is expressed in novel ways through many avenues and medias as well as the reason why individual and collective vision become a constant recurring theme in many of these interpretations."
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Kinaalda and Quinceanera, 2008.
A description and comparison of the Navajo initiation ceremony known as Kinaalda and the Quinceanos celebration, the traditional way for Hispanic Catholics to celebrate a girl's 15th birthday.
1,063 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the Kinaalda, literally, "puberty ceremony," which celebrates a Navajo girl's transition to womanhood, and explains the symbolism of the ritual. The writer then discusses the Latin American ceremony called the Quinceanos, which is a religious celebration of a girl becoming a woman on her 15th birthday, and its origin. The paper concludes that although the two rituals differ in costume and ceremonies, essentially the goal of both the Kinaalda and the Quinceanera ritual is to formally introduce a girl to her role in society as a future wife and mother.
From the Paper
"The Kinaalda reinforces a Navajo's culture and society and is a symbol of self-identity and world-view. During the ceremony, natural subjects are chosen from the environment and food stores to reinforce the Navajo view of how a girl changes into a woman and what her role is in life. Music is utilized by the entire tribe, and songs are sung inside the hogan, outside and in other locations during different parts of the ceremony. Dance is utilized by the tribeswomen and by the Kinaalda herself, as she runs in a large circle, representing freedom and containment, world and family. The Kinaalda may run by herself or children may accompany her."
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Navajo and European Witchcraft, 2008.
A comparison of the background and characteristics of Navajo and European witchcraft.
1,283 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explores some of the similarities and differences between Navajo and European witchcraft. It discusses the background of each form of witchcraft and includes a discussion of the different cultures and geographical locations that influence the practice of witchcraft. It also looks at the characteristics of each form of witchcraft and how they differ.
Table of Contents:
Navajo Background
Navajo Traditions in Witchcraft
European Witchcraft
The Similarities and Differences Between Navajo and European Witchcraft
From the Paper
"First, the Navajo by way of their Asian traditions from an ancient time, pursued stories of creation and the end of life, and compensated for those things which they did not understand or which mystified them with stories, prayers, and rituals. To the extent that they could not fully understand or explain something, they turned to shamans, or holy men, to explain those things for them; or, by way of ritual and prayer, to protect The People from them unknowns which might harm or adversely impact their lives. This is found to be much the same in the European tradition, as Europeans, like the Navajo, have traditions and rituals that were rooted in pagan eras and addressed those things about the world and universe that could not be explained or understood by the majority of the people."
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"The Last of the Mohicans", 2008.
An analysis of the race relations in "The Last of the Mohicans" by James F. Cooper.
1,081 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the overriding theme in Cooper's "The Last of the Mohicans" is really one of the innate belief in white supremacy and that race's need to posses the entire continent. The paper explains that the prevailing consciousness at the time the novel was written was about white privilege and this is represented in Cooper's tales.
From the Paper
"Residing in the literary genre of the Romance novel, Cooper's work, the Last of the Mohicans' dominant backdrop is that of an adventure in the wilderness and the historical context of the siege and massacre of Fort William Henry in 1757. The overriding theme is civilization versus nature, or the war between instinct and reason. However, the undercurrent Cooper evokes is the feelings of his times regarding the white privilege of manifest destiny."
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Museum of Native-American Art, 2008.
This paper discusses a proposal for a historical museum in Montana.
1,002 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a plan for a museum of Native-American history and art that will be located in Montana. The paper outlines the staff to be hired and the budget to be allocated. The geographical attractions, vegetation and economy in the State of Montana are also discussed.
From the Paper
"The National Congress of American Indians already has a collection of Native American art and artifacts, which it wishes to display and includes hundreds of thousands of art items in four major collection areas. A building to house the museum already exists in Billings, ready for the museum to move into and the director has been chosen. What remains is for staff to be hired and the budget allocated. Staff qualifications for curators and managers are that they have at least a B.A. in art history, museum studies, studio art, library science, or relevant field. Experience will be considered in lieu of a degree."
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How American Civilization Was Formed, 2008.
A comparison of James Axtell's "The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America" and William Cronon's "Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England".
2,165 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper compares how James Axtell and William Cronon analyze in their respective works, "The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America" and "Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England", the essential aspects of the first interaction between the Native-American peoples of North America and the Europeans that colonized them. The paper explains that both authors aim to analyze the way in which this first contact between the Natives and their colonizers influenced the future development of America as a nation. The paper shows how Axtell focuses on the spiritual history of the two nations, while Cronon concentrates on the outer, external aspects of the meeting between the Natives and the colonizers. The paper posits that although the two authors manage their argumentation very well and make very interesting points about the history of the colonization, Cronon's book seems more remarkable in terms of argumentation and originality.
From the Paper
"Axtell's book, as its title indicates, focuses on the way in which the three main ethnicities, the Native Indians, the English and the French attempted a mutual conversion, each struggling to impose its cultural identity over the identity of the other. Axtell thus advocates that ethnohistory is the best instrument for the examination of the confluence between the three cultures, Indian, English and French. He focuses therefore on the way in which each of the three nations perceived the others, and how they struggled to impose their own views over the others. "
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"Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma", 2008.
An examination of the reconstruction of the life of Pocahontas in Camilla Townsend's book, "Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma."
939 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the historian Camilla Townsend's new book, "Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma", in which she attempts to shed some light upon the history behind the myth of Pocahontas. It discusses Townsend's reconstruction of the life of Pocahontas and the difficulties that she faced in doing so. It also looks at Townsend's attitudes to the early Jamestown settlers.
From the Paper
"Townsend admits that in reconstructing the life of Pocahontas, she faces many difficulties, including the fact that Pocahontas came from a non-literate society that left no formal records, and that the settlement of Jamestown and the records of Smith cannot always be relied upon as a true and fair depiction of what Indians were 'like' at this time. However, she believes that the relationship of the tribes of the area were more complex than that of two people who were at war, who suddenly were brought to a truce by Pocahontas. Sometimes, the Indians would provide the colonists with food, as the people of Jamestown were struggling in the new climate and the demands the settlement made upon their fortitude, although for a time Powhatan began to kill the men who openly came begging for food, in an attempt to make the colonists go home (96)."
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